Application - Industrial Water - Power
Most Frequently Asked Questions
| Parameter | Purpose of Test | Method |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorine, Free |
Control cooling system microbial control processes using halogen-based biocides. Total chlorine is the sum of free chlorine (hypochlorite ion/hypochlorous acid) and combined chlorine (chloramines). May also be used to monitor effluent disinfection processes and to protect RO / membrane-based filtration systems. | 8021 10231 |
| Silica, ULR/LR | Control silica in boiler feedwaters (Allowable silica concentration is inversely proportional to boiler operating pressure.) Can cause scaling in boilers and cooling systems, as well as deposition on generator turbine blades. | 8186 8282 |
| Phosphate, Reactive HR | Can be used as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling systems. Also used as a boiler treatment, to precipitate calcium and avoid calcium sulfate scale formation on surfaces. Phosphonate treatment compounds can also be monitored by measuring phosphate after a brief digestion. | 8048 8178 10209 |
| Hardness, Titration | Monitor to check effectiveness of hardness removal or scaling control treatment practices. Lime softening, lime process, lime-soda ash processes are commonly used to precipitate or remove hardness. Hardness is also monitored to check effectiveness / regeneration of ion-exchange processes. Use colorimetric methods for low concentrations. | 8213 8226 |
| Calcium (Ca Hardness) Titration |
Monitor to check effectiveness of hardness removal or scaling control treatment practices. Lime softening, lime process, lime-soda ash processes are commonly used to precipitate or remove hardness. Hardness is also monitored to check effectiveness/ regeneration of ion-exchange processes. Use colorimetric method for low concentrations. | 8204 8222 |
| pH (buffer) | Used to prevent deposits and corrosion in boiler tubes. Buffers are used to calibrate / standardize pH meters for monitoring/control of pH throughout the plant. | pH meter & electrode - see instrument manual |
| Silica, HR | Control silica in boiler feedwaters (Allowable silica concentration is inversely proportional to boiler operating pressure.) Can cause scaling in boilers and cooling systems, as well as deposition on generator turbine blades. | 8185 |
| Copper | Monitor/control corrosion of copper-based alloys. Biocidal properties may be utilized in open systems. | 8506 10238 |
| Alkalinity | Control foaming/carryover and steel embrittlement in boilers, prevent corrosion in condensate lines, scaling in cooling systems. Allowable levels are inversely proportional to boiler operating pressure. Also used to control water softening processes. | 8203 8221 |
| Chloride, Titration | Control corrosive properties of boiler systems and cooling waters. Removed to very low levels by utility deionizer systems. Titration methods are applicable to higher levels. Use colorimetry for low concentrations. | 8206 8207 8225 |
| Iron | Can cause deposits in water lines, boilers, etc. Can interfere with industrial processes. May indicate corrosion. | 8008 8147 8112 10229 |
| Oxygen Scavengers | Organic compounds used to eliminate traces of oxygen in high pressure boiler feedwaters (includes carbohydrazide, diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA), hydroquinone, isoascorbic acid, methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKOR), and others). | 8140 |
| Hydrazine | Control concentration of hydrazine—boiler oxygen scavenger (for corrosion control). | 8141 |
| Chlorine, Total |
Control cooling system microbial control processes using halogen-based biocides. Total chlorine is the sum of free chlorine (hypochlorite ion/hypochlorous acid) and combined chlorine (chloramines). May also be used to monitor effluent disinfection processes and to protect RO / membrane-based filtration systems. | 8167 10070 10232 |
| Molybdenum, HR | Anodic corrosion inhibitor for cooling systems. High cost is causing reduced usage and/or lower concentrations. | 8036 |
Also Consider
| Parameter | Purpose of Test | Method |
|---|---|---|
| Ammonia | Control ammonia-based pH control additives, corrosion of copper and zinc alloys in boilers. | 8038 10031 10205 |
| Phosphate, Reactive LR | Can be used as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling systems. Also used as a boiler treatment, to precipitate calcium and avoid calcium sulfate scale formation on surfaces. Phosphonate treatment compounds can also be monitored by measuring phosphate after a brief digestion. | 8048 8178 10214 |
| Hardness, ULR | Assure that demineralizer systems are producing ultrapure feedwater, to avoid scaling in boiler systems. | 8030 8374 |
| Oxygen, Dissolved LR | Control oxygen content of boiler waters/feedwaters. Part per billion levels required for high pressure units. | 8316 |
| Conductivity | Used as a measure of dissolved solids (this can affect carryover of boiler contaminants into steam). Monitor blowdown / water replenishment in boilers, control cycles of concentration in cooling systems. | 8160 Conductivity meter and probe |
| Turbidity | Surrogate for suspended solids concentration measurement. Can cause deposition in water lines | Turbidimeter (2100xx) See instrument manual |
| Sulfite | Control concentration of sulfite-based oxygen scavengers (generally in low pressure boilers). | 8071 8216 |
